The friction loss occurs at elbows, bends, valves and fittings and also at special pipe fittings such as a thermostatic valve or a reducer. The pressure differences can be shown on a multiple water tube manometer as head loss.

  The trainer uses a closed water circuit with tank and pump.
 

- Effect of the flow rate, pipe diameter and changing

  cross-section, as well as various pipe fittings on

  friction loss 
- Determination of operating point, pump and

  pipework characteristics