Materials testing
Materials testing studies the behaviour of materials under different loads. In particular, the relationship between the acting forces and the resulting deformation and the limit stresses that lead to failure of components are considered. There is a range of standardised testing methods to characterise the mechanical properties of materials as precisely as possible.
Traditional test methods are used to determine the behaviour and materials characteristics of standardised materials samples under mechanical stress.
Training unit for basic experiments on materials testing: tensile tests, Brinell hardness tests, stress-strain diagrams
Learning objectives/experiments
- tensile tests
- plot stress–strain diagrams
- compression tests
- Brinell hardness test
- together with the accessories
….
Direct generation of tensile and compressive forces
Learning objectives/experiments
- together with the accessories
- tensile test
- compression test
- Brinell hardness test
- bending test
….
Observation and determination of the transition from elastic to plastic deformation
Learning objectives/experiments
- load on a beam with a point load
- plot a load–extension diagram and determine the nonlinear behaviour
- compare the load and relief curves
- demonstrate the invalidity of the superposition principle in the plastic region
Load tests on components from steelwork and civil engineering; size allows measurements on real components
Learning objectives/experiments
- together with the accessories
- bending tests
- load tests
- compression tests
The impact test is a method with sudden loading and is suitable primarily for determining the cleavage fracture tendency or toughness property of a material.
Classic Charpy notched-bar impact test; specimens with different cross-sections and materials
Learning objectives/experiments
- determine the notched-bar impact work
- determine the notched-bar impact strength
- analyse the fracture surface characteristics
- plot a notched-bar impact work–temperature diagram
- influence of notch shape, material and specimen temperature on the notched-bar impact work
Charpy notched-bar impact test with increased work capacity
Learning objectives/experiments
- determine the notched-bar impact work
- determine the notched-bar impact strength
- analyse the fracture surface characteristics
- plot a notched-bar impact work–temperature diagram
- influence of notch shape, material and specimen temperature on the notched-bar impact work
The torsional stiffness determined in the torsion test serves as orientation for the load capacity of the material. This method is applied in shafts, axles, wires and springs and to assess the impact behaviour of tool steels.
Manual torsion testing of different materials to fracture
Learning objectives/experiments
- torsion tests with different materials and load until specimen fracture
- determine the twisting strength
- plot the diagram of twisting moment over twisting angle
- influence of
- specimen material
….
- specimen material
Motorised torsion testing of different materials to fracture, four different test velocities
Learning objectives/experiments
- torsion tests with different materials and load until specimen fracture
- determine the twisting strength
- plot the diagram of twisting moment over twisting angle
- determine the elastic region
- influence of specimen material
Material fatigue describes a slowly progressive process of damage in a material under ambient conditions, e.g.changing mechanical stress or changing temperature.
Fatigue strength of bars subject to cyclic bending load; stress-number (S-N) diagram
Learning objectives/experiments
- fatigue strength of bars under reverse bending stress
- influence of different fillet radii and surface qualities on the fatigue strength
- Wöhler diagram
Demonstration of typical creep phenomena in various materials
Learning objectives/experiments
- creep in specimens of various materials
- record a strain–time diagram (creep curve)
- influence of temperature and load on the creep
- load and recovery in plastics
The application of tribology in engineering is used to study friction, wear and lubrication. Wear processes are analysed by means of a so-called tribological system and are described by “systemic” loss variables.
Corrosion refers to the reaction of a metallic material to its environment, which causes a measurable change in the material. This can lead to impairment of the function of a metal component or a whole system.
Modular experimental system for sliding and rolling friction
Learning objectives/experiments
- together with the experimental units TM 260.01 to TM 260.06
- rolling friction of two disks with slip
- elasto-hydrodynamic behaviour (EHD theory) in rolling friction of a sphere against a flat surface
- wear test: pin against disk
- wear test: friction wheel experiment
….
Slip forces in two discs rubbing together
Learning objectives/experiments
- together with the drive unit
- determine the frictional forces as a function of load, lubrication and operating speed
- how slip affects the frictional force
- determine the coefficients of friction
Investigation of the form and thickness of lubrication films
Learning objectives/experiments
- together with the drive unit
- determine the thickness of the lubricating film at the contact point of a sphere with a plane surface – compare with theoretical value
- study the effect of load and speed on the thickness of the lubricating film
Investigations into wear on pairs of friction materials with surface contact
Learning objectives/experiments
- together with the drive unit
- frictional forces in different friction pairs and loads
- frictional forces with different lubrication
- frictional forces at different relative speeds of the friction partners
- wear under different friction parameters and lubrication conditions
Differences between static and sliding friction, instability
Learning objectives/experiments
- together with the drive unit
- observation of the transition from static to dynamic friction
- influence of lubrication on slip–stick phenomenon
- influence of the force between the friction partners on the slip–stick phenomenon
- influence of the relative velocity of the friction partners on the slip–stick phenomenon
Investigation of wear in pairs of friction materials with point of contact
Learning objectives/experiments
- together with the drive unit
- frictional forces in different friction pairs and loads
- frictional forces with different lubrication
- frictional forces at different relative speeds of the friction partners
- wear under different friction parameters
Demonstration of pressure distribution in a plain bearing with hydrodynamic lubrication
Learning objectives/experiments
- together with the drive unit
- pressure distribution in the journal bearing depending on speed
- pressure distribution in the journal bearing depending on load or bearing gap width
- stability limit as a function of the gap width
Sliding bearing friction with different bearing material pairings and comparison with rolling bearing friction
Learning objectives/experiments
- determine the frictional moment in slide bearings with various friction pairs
- determine the frictional moment of a rolling bearing
- comparison of slide and rolling bearings
- basic experiments on rotational dynamics
Illustrates the principle of hydrodynamic lubrication
Learning objectives/experiments
- visualisation and investigation of instability in journal bearings
- displacement of the shaft journal as a function of the speed
- pressure distribution in the bearing under constant load and different speeds
- critical speed as a function of the load
- critical speed as a function of the oil temperature
Learning the fundamentals of hydrodynamic lubrication by experimentation
Learning objectives/experiments
- develop an understanding of technological relationships of hydrodynamic lubrication by experimentation
- frictional moment in a journal bearing as a function of
- speed
- bearing load
- lubricant and lubricant temperature
Investigation of friction in a hydrodynamically lubricated journal bearing
Learning objectives/experiments
- determine the coefficients of friction at various loads and speeds, compare with Stribeck curves
- influence of speed, bearing clearance and bearing load on the displacement of the shaft
- influence of speed, bearing clearance, bearing load and lubricant on the frictional moment
- locus of the shaft
Parallel investigation of different influencing factors on different metal samples
Learning objectives/experiments
- corrosion behaviour of different metallic materials (rust / passivation)
- formation of local elements
- influence of pH value of the electrolyte solution
- influence of salt concentration in the electrolyte solution
- oxygen corrosion
….