Hydraulic fluid energy machines
Hydraulic fluid energy machines work with incompressible fluids.
Fluid machinery
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In centrifugal pumps the energy is transferred hydrodynamically.In the hydrodynamic transfer of energy the fluid is accelerated by the impeller of the centrifugal pump. Therefore, the impeller of the centrifugal pump has to move with high velocity and thus a high rotational speed.
Centrifugal pumps
Determining the characteristics of a typical centrifugal pump
Learning objectives/experiments
- familiarisation with operating behaviour and characteristics of a centrifugal pump through experiments
- recording the pump characteristic curve at a constant pump speed
- measuring the inlet and outlet pressure
- determining the flow rate
- recording the pump characteristics for different speeds
….
Characteristic curves and hydraulic power; comparison of operating modes
Learning objectives/experiments
- investigation of pumps in series and parallel configuration
- determining the head
- recording the pump characteristics
- determining the hydraulic power
- determining the operating point
….
Determination of output and efficiency of turbines and pumps; demonstration of a pumped storage plant
Learning objectives/experiments
- centrifugal pump
- measuring inlet and outlet pressures of the pump
- determining delivery height
- determining hydraulic output
- determining mechanical output
….
Determination of characteristic pump variables
Learning objectives/experiments
- principle of operation of a centrifugal pump
- recording of pump characteristics
- effect of speed on head
- effect of speed on flow rate
- determination of pump efficiency
….
Demonstration of series, parallel and the individual operation of centrifugal pumps
Learning objectives/experiments
- operating behaviour of centrifugal pumps
- single pump
- series configuration
- parallel configuration
- recording of pump curves
….
Measurement of pressure conditions in valves and fittings and a pump
Learning objectives/experiments
- recording the pump characteristic
- pressure losses at various valves and fittings depending on the flow
- determination of the operating point in a hydrostatic circuit
Pressure, flow rate, speed, torque and pump power available as measurement values
Learning objectives/experiments
- recording of pump characteristics
- recording of system characteristics
- determination of the flow rate by means of an electromagnetic flow rate sensor or an orifice plate flow meter and a differential pressure measurement
- calculation of efficiencies
Investigation of the behaviour of two identical centrifugal pumps in operation, system control via PLC
Learning objectives/experiments
- investigate behaviour of centrifugal pumps in operation
- recording pump characteristics
- recording system characteristics
- determining efficiency
- investigation of series and parallel configuration of pumps
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Investigate operating behaviour of centrifugal pumps, piston pump and side channel pump, system control via PLC
Learning objectives/experiments
- investigation and comparison of the operating behaviour of various pump types:
- centrifugal pumps
- piston pump (positive displacement pump)
- side-channel pump
- recording a pump characteristic curve
….
Base unit when constructing a complex piping system
Learning objectives/experiments
- in conjunction with an accessory pump (standard chemicals pump HL 962.01, canned motor pump HL 962.02, side channel pump HL 962.03, standard chemicals pump with magnetic clutch HL 962.04) and a suitable water supply, e.g. HL 962.30 with HL 962.32
- mounting of the pump and alignment of the electric motor
- familiarisation with various methods of aligning the motor and pump
- commissioning and leak testing
- recording a pump characteristic
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Typical pump as used in process engineering
Learning objectives/experiments
- in conjunction with HL 962, HL 962.30 and HL 962.32
- operation of a standard pump
- recording the pump characteristic
- leak testing
- alignment of pump and drive motor
Hermetic centrifugal pump, particularly suitable for pumping liquid gases
Learning objectives/experiments
- in conjunction with HL 962, HL 962.30 and HL 962.32
- operation of a canned motor pump
- recording the pump characteristic
- leak testing
Hermetic centrifugal pump according to ISO 5199
Learning objectives/experiments
- in conjunction with HL 962, HL 962.30 and HL 962.32
- operation of a standard chemicals pump with magnetic clutch
- recording the pump characteristic
- leak testing
- alignment of pump and drive
Standard pumps are pumps that are designed in accordance with international standards
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.10
- recording of pump characteristics
- determination of the power requirement and the hydraulic power
- determination of the pump efficiency
- determination of the system characteristics and the operating point of the pump
….
Self-priming pumps are able to suck in and transport air and water
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.10
- recording of pump characteristics
- determination of the power requirement and the hydraulic power
- determination of the pump efficiency
- determination of the system characteristics and the operating point of the pump
….
In centrifugal pumps with multiple stages several impellers are arranged in series
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.10
- recording of pump characteristics
- determination of the power requirement and the hydraulic power
- determination of the pump efficiency
- determination of the system characteristics and the operating point of the pump
….
Investigation of the pump characteristic of series and parallel configurations of two centrifugal pumps
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.10
- recording of pump characteristics
- determination of the power requirement and the hydraulic power in series or parallel connection
- determination of the pump efficiency
- determination of the system characteristics and the operating point for both cases
Function of a turbomachine; configuration as pump or turbine with interchangeable rotor/impeller and stator/guide vane system
Learning objectives/experiments
- recording characteristic curves
- determining dimensionless characteristics
- velocity triangles and pressure curves
- investigation of energy conversion within the turbomachine
- how blade, vane shape affects power and efficiency
….
Interchangeable driven machines: three pump types and a compressor
Learning objectives/experiments
- different pumps and a compressor
- identifying characteristic data
- recording pump, compressor and system characteristics
- representation of operating points in series and parallel configuration of centrifugal pumps
- comparison of the different delivery properties
Design and function of a centrifugal pump; planning, assembly and disassembly
Learning objectives/experiments
- function and design of a centrifugal pump
- planning and presentation of the assembly process, supported by augmented reality
- assembly and disassembly, including for maintenance and repair purposes
- read and understand technical drawings in imperial measurements (PDF, DXF and STEP files)
- familiarisation with different file formats and their application, e.g. for 3D printing and CNC machining
….
Understanding design and function of the pump; planning and executing assembly, disassembly and maintenance
Learning objectives/experiments
- design and function of a multistage pump and its components
- assembly and disassembly for maintenance and repair purposes
- replacing components (e.g. seals, bearings or impellers)
- troubleshooting, fault assessment
- planning and assessment of maintenance and repair operations
….
Understanding design and function of the pump; planning and executing assembly, disassembly and maintenance
Learning objectives/experiments
- design and function of an in-line centrifugal pump and its components
- assembly and disassembly for maintenance and repair purposes
- replacing components (e.g. seals)
- troubleshooting, fault assessment
- planning and assessment of maintenance and repair operations
….
During the suction phase the side channel pump operates according to the positive displacement principle. As soon as the suction process is over, the side channel pump starts working like a centrifugal pump. The centrifugal force of the rotating impeller separates the fluid and gas. Side channel pumps are therefore self-priming pumps.
Self-priming three-stage pump
Learning objectives/experiments
- in conjunction with HL 962, HL 962.30 and HL 962.32
- operation of a side channel pump
- recording the pump characteristic
- leak testing
- alignment of pump and drive
Investigate operating behaviour of centrifugal pumps, piston pump and side channel pump, system control via PLC
Learning objectives/experiments
- investigation and comparison of the operating behaviour of various pump types:
- centrifugal pumps
- piston pump (positive displacement pump)
- side-channel pump
- recording a pump characteristic curve
….
Investigation of a self-priming, single-stage side channel pump
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.10
- recording of pump characteristics, system characteristics, operating point
- power requirement, hydraulic power, pump efficiency, NPSH value
Axial-flow pumps are also known as propeller pumps. Axial-flow pumps come with fixed blades and with variable blades. The flow passes through the impeller in axial direction. In axial-flow pumps, the pressure is not built up by the effect of centrifugal force but, like the aerodynamic principle, by the propeller blade.
Operating behaviour of an axial propeller pump
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365
- determination of the pressure/volume characteristics
- determination of the power requirement of the pump
- determination of the hydraulic power
- determination of the efficiency
….
Function of a turbomachine; configuration as pump or turbine with interchangeable rotor/impeller and stator/guide vane system
Learning objectives/experiments
- recording characteristic curves
- determining dimensionless characteristics
- velocity triangles and pressure curves
- investigation of energy conversion within the turbomachine
- how blade, vane shape affects power and efficiency
….
In positive displacement pumps the energy is transferred to the fluid hydrostatically. In the hydrostatic transfer of energy a displacement body reduces a working chamber filled with fluid and pumps the fluid into the pipe.
Positive displacement pumps
Record characteristics of a reciprocating positive displacement pump
Learning objectives/experiments
- principle of operation of a piston pump
- recording of pump characteristics
- pressure curves of delivery pressure and cylinder pressure
- influence of pulsation damping
- p-V diagram
….
Record characteristics of a rotary positive displacement pump
Learning objectives/experiments
- principle of operation of a gear pump
- recording of pump characteristics
- relationship between head and speed
- effect of pressure limitation
- determination of efficiencies
Lobe pumps are used for delivering highly viscous and highly abrasive media
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.10
- recording of pump characteristics, system characteristics, operating point
- power requirement, hydraulic power, pump efficiency
The most simple type of reciprocating piston pump consists of a piston that moves in a cylinder with one inlet and one outlet valve
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.10
- recording of pump characteristics, system characteristics and operating point
- power requirement, hydraulic power, pump efficiency
A gear pump is characterised by a steady flow rate
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.10
- recording of pump characteristics, system characteristics and operating point
- power requirement, hydraulic power, pump efficiency
Vane pumps can be used both for liquid and gaseous media
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.10
- recording of pump characteristics, system characteristics and operating point
- power requirement, hydraulic power, pump efficiency
Screw pumps are able to provide continuous delivery of even viscous media without pulsation or turbulence
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.20
- recording of pump and system characteristics, operating point
- power requirement, hydraulic power, pump efficiency
The pumping medium is transported between the gears and the housing
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.20
- recording of pump and system characteristics, operating point
- power requirement, hydraulic power, pump efficiency
Vane pumps can be used both for liquid and gaseous media
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.20
- recording of pump characteristics, system characteristics and operating point
- power requirement, hydraulic power, pump efficiency
Operating behaviour of an internal gear pump
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.20
- recording of pump characteristics, system characteristics and operating point
- power requirement, hydraulic power, pump efficiency
Metering pump with three pump heads
Learning objectives/experiments
- familiarisation with the basic principle of a multi-head diaphragm pump
- flow rate and mixing ratio depending on
- the stroke
- the stroke rate
- the counter pressure
Generation of negative pressure over time
Learning objectives/experiments
- familiarisation with the basic principle of a rotary vane pump
- simulation of leaks
- generation of negative pressure over time
- determination of the flow rate as a function of the counter pressure
Interchangeable driven machines: three pump types and a compressor
Learning objectives/experiments
- different pumps and a compressor
- identifying characteristic data
- recording pump, compressor and system characteristics
- representation of operating points in series and parallel configuration of centrifugal pumps
- comparison of the different delivery properties
Investigate operating behaviour of centrifugal pumps, piston pump and side channel pump, system control via PLC
Learning objectives/experiments
- investigation and comparison of the operating behaviour of various pump types:
- centrifugal pumps
- piston pump (positive displacement pump)
- side-channel pump
- recording a pump characteristic curve
….
Understanding design and function of the pump; planning and executing assembly, disassembly and maintenance
Learning objectives/experiments
- design and function of a screw pump and its components
- assembly and disassembly for maintenance and repair purposes
- replacing components (e.g. seals)
- troubleshooting, fault assessment
- planning and assessment of maintenance and repair operations
….
Understanding design and function of the pump; planning and executing assembly, disassembly and maintenance
Learning objectives/experiments
- design and function of a diaphragm pump and its components
- assembly and disassembly for maintenance and repair purposes
- replacing components (e.g. seals or bearings)
- troubleshooting, fault assessment
- planning and assessment of maintenance and repair operations
….
Design and function of a piston pump; planning, assembly and disassembly
Learning objectives/experiments
- function and design of a piston pump
- planning and presentation of the assembly process, supported by augmented reality
- assembly and disassembly, including for maintenance and repair purposes
- read and understand technical drawings in imperial measurements (PDF, DXF and STEP files)
- familiarisation with different file formats and their application, e.g. for 3D printing and CNC machining
….
Design and function of a gear pump; planning, assembly and disassembly
Learning objectives/experiments
- function and design of a gear pump
- planning and presentation of the assembly process, supported by augmented reality
- assembly and disassembly, including for maintenance and repair purposes
- read and understand technical drawings in imperial measurements (PDF, DXF and STEP files)
- familiarisation with different file formats and their application, e.g. for 3D printing and CNC machining
….
Hydraulic turbines work with incompressible fluids: water turbines.
Turbines
Water turbines
Model of an impulse turbine with adjustable nozzle; determination of the efficiency
Learning objectives/experiments
- design and function of a Pelton turbine
- determination of torque, power and efficiency
- graphical representation of characteristic curves for torque, power and efficiency
….
Model of a reaction turbine with adjustable guide vanes; determination of the efficiency
Learning objectives/experiments
- design and function of a Francis turbine
- determination of torque, power and efficiency
- graphical representation of characteristic curves for torque, power and efficiency
….
Record characteristics of an axial reaction turbine
Learning objectives/experiments
- principle of operation of an axial turbine
- determination of the power output
- determination of the efficiency
- recording of the characteristic curve
- comparison of experiment and calculation
Record characteristics of a turbine based on the reaction force
Learning objectives/experiments
- principle of operation of a reaction turbine
- characteristic curves at constant head
- relationship between torque and speed
- efficiency dependent on speed
- flow rate dependent on speed
….
Record characteristics of a free jet turbine
Learning objectives/experiments
- principle of operation of a Pelton turbine
- characteristic at constant head
- relationship between torque and speed
- efficiency dependent on speed
- flow rate dependent on speed
….
Record characteristics of an axial impulse turbine
Learning objectives/experiments
- principle of operation of an action turbine
- characteristic curves at constant head
- relationship between torque and speed
- efficiency dependent on speed
- flow rate dependent on speed
….
Comparison of impulse and reaction turbines
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.32
- comparison of impulse and reaction turbines
- determination of the mechanical and hydraulic power
- determination of the efficiency
- recording of characteristic curves
….
Model of an impulse turbine with speed and torque measurement
Learning objectives/experiments
- determination of mechanical output
- determination of efficiency
- recording of characteristic curves
- investigation of the influence of the nozzle cross-section on the power output
Model of a reaction turbine with speed and torque measurement; adjustable guide vanes
Learning objectives/experiments
- determination of mechanical output
- determination of efficiency
- recording of characteristic curves
- investigation of the influence of the guide vane position on the power output
- velocity triangles
Six-bladed propeller type turbine with guide vane adjustment for varying power, measurement of speed and torque
Learning objectives/experiments
- determination of mechanical output
- determination of efficiency
- recording of characteristic curves
- investigation of the influence of the guide vane position on the efficiency
Five-bladed Kaplan turbine with blade and guide vane adjustment for varying power, measurement of speed and torque
Learning objectives/experiments
- determination of mechanical output
- determination of efficiency
- recording of characteristic curves
- investigation of the influence of the guide vane and blade position on the efficiency
Characteristics of a powerful Francis turbine with adjustable guide vanes
Learning objectives/experiments
- investigation of the conversion of hydraulic into mechanical energy
- determination of the mechanical power and hydraulic power of the turbine
- determination of efficiency
- recording of characteristic curves
- investigation of the influence of the guide vane position
….
Four-bladed propeller type turbine with guide vane adjustment for varying power
Learning objectives/experiments
- determination of power output curves at different speeds
- hydraulic power output
- mechanical power output
- determination of the head
- determination of turbine efficiency
….
Function of a turbomachine; configuration as pump or turbine with interchangeable rotor/impeller and stator/guide vane system
Learning objectives/experiments
- recording characteristic curves
- determining dimensionless characteristics
- velocity triangles and pressure curves
- investigation of energy conversion within the turbomachine
- how blade, vane shape affects power and efficiency
….
Engineering animations such as cutaway models are ideally suited to representing processes and functions. GUNT uses up-to-date original parts for its cutaway models. Movement and switching functions are maintained.
Cutaway model of an industrial component used in pipework installations
Learning objectives/experiments
- familiarization with the construction and functionality of all parts
Cutaway model of an industrial component used in pipework installations
Learning objectives/experiments
- familiarization with the construction and functionality of all parts
Cutaway model of an industrial component used in pipework installations
Learning objectives/experiments
- familiarization with the construction and functionality of all parts
