Turbomachines
In turbomachines the energy transfers between fluid and machine by means of flow forces.
Thermal turbines work with compressible fluids: e.g. gas, wind and steam turbines.
Conversion of kinetic wind energy into electrical energy
Learning objectives/experiments
- conversion of kinetic wind energy into electrical energy
- function and design of an stand-alone system with a wind power plant
- determining the power coefficient as a function of tip speed ratio
- energy balance in a wind power plant
- determining the efficiency of a wind power plant
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Use of wind energy in stand-alone operation under real weather conditions
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with the wind power plant ET 220.01:
- conversion of kinetic wind energy into electrical energy
- operating behaviour of a wind power plant under real weather conditions
- components, function and setup of a stand-alone system with a wind power plant
- energy balance of a stand-alone system with a wind power plant
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Experiments on conversion of rotational energy into electrical energy
Learning objectives/experiments
- conversion of rotational energy into electrical energy
- influence of torque and speed on the efficiency of the transmission
- influence of torque and speed on the efficiency of the generator
- influence of the typical torque characteristic of a wind rotor on the overall efficiency of the drive train
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Characteristic and control on a wind power drive train
Learning objectives/experiments
- conversion of kinetic energy into electrical energy
- power coefficient and tip-speed ratio
- study how torque and speed affect the efficiency of the gear unit and generator
- study how wind speed and rotor blade angle affect the typical torque characteristic of a wind rotor
- power limitation by controlling speed and rotor blade angle
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Turbine unit with Wells turbine and electric generator; configurable wave generator
Learning objectives/experiments
- familiarisation with operating principles of a wave energy converter
- understanding of energy generation from wave motion
- measurement of wave motions
- familiarisation with design and operation of a Wells turbine
- optimisation of operating behaviour
Investigation of a compressed air driven axial impulse turbine
Learning objectives/experiments
- design and function of an impulse turbine
- determination of torque, power and efficiency
- graphical representation of characteristic curves for torque, power and efficiency
- investigation of the effect of nozzle pressure and number of nozzles
Investigation of a compressed air driven radial reaction turbine
Learning objectives/experiments
- familiarisation with the design and function of an impulse turbine
- determination of torque, power and efficiency
- graphical representation of characteristic curves for torque, power and efficiency
Operation with power turbine or as jet engine with propelling nozzle using liquid gas
Learning objectives/experiments
- familiarisation with the function and typical behaviour during operation of a gas turbine
- operation as jet engine
- operation as power turbine
- determining effective power
- thrust measurement
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Two-shaft arrangement with high-pressure turbine and power turbine using liquid gas
Learning objectives/experiments
- determining the shaft power
- determining specific fuel consumption
- recording the characteristics of the power turbine
- determining the system efficiency
Small single-shaft gas turbine with thrust measurement using either kerosene or petroleum
Learning objectives/experiments
- behaviour during operation of a jet engine including start-up procedure
- determination of the specific thrust
- determination of the specific fuel consumption
- determination of lambda (fuel-air ratio)
Single-stage steam turbine with power output measurement; steam supply via ET 850, gas-fired or ET 852, electrical
Learning objectives/experiments
- principle of operation of a steam turbine:
- steam consumption of the turbine
- turbine output at different settings
- investigation of the losses occurring in different turbine components
- power and torque curve
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Hydraulic turbines work with incompressible fluids: water turbines.
Model of an impulse turbine with adjustable nozzle; determination of the efficiency
Learning objectives/experiments
- design and function of a Pelton turbine
- determination of torque, power and efficiency
- graphical representation of characteristic curves for torque, power and efficiency
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Model of a reaction turbine with adjustable guide vanes; determination of the efficiency
Learning objectives/experiments
- design and function of a Francis turbine
- determination of torque, power and efficiency
- graphical representation of characteristic curves for torque, power and efficiency
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Record characteristics of an axial reaction turbine
Learning objectives/experiments
- principle of operation of an axial turbine
- determination of the power output
- determination of the efficiency
- recording of the characteristic curve
- comparison of experiment and calculation
Record characteristics of a turbine based on the reaction force
Learning objectives/experiments
- principle of operation of a reaction turbine
- characteristic curves at constant head
- relationship between torque and speed
- efficiency dependent on speed
- flow rate dependent on speed
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Record characteristics of a free jet turbine
Learning objectives/experiments
- principle of operation of a Pelton turbine
- characteristic at constant head
- relationship between torque and speed
- efficiency dependent on speed
- flow rate dependent on speed
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Water supply for HM 288, HM 289 and HM 291
Learning objectives/experiments
- basic experiments on a centrifugal pump
- together with the turbines HM 288, HM 289 or HM 291
- determination of typical turbine curves
- performance curves at varying turbine speeds
- determination of efficiencies
Record characteristics of an axial impulse turbine
Learning objectives/experiments
- principle of operation of an action turbine
- characteristic curves at constant head
- relationship between torque and speed
- efficiency dependent on speed
- flow rate dependent on speed
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Comparison of impulse and reaction turbines
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.32
- comparison of impulse and reaction turbines
- determination of the mechanical and hydraulic power
- determination of the efficiency
- recording of characteristic curves
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Model of an impulse turbine with speed and torque measurement
Learning objectives/experiments
- determination of mechanical output
- determination of efficiency
- recording of characteristic curves
- investigation of the influence of the nozzle cross-section on the power output
Model of a reaction turbine with speed and torque measurement; adjustable guide vanes
Learning objectives/experiments
- determination of mechanical output
- determination of efficiency
- recording of characteristic curves
- investigation of the influence of the guide vane position on the power output
- velocity triangles
Six-bladed propeller type turbine with guide vane adjustment for varying power, measurement of speed and torque
Learning objectives/experiments
- determination of mechanical output
- determination of efficiency
- recording of characteristic curves
- investigation of the influence of the guide vane position on the efficiency
Five-bladed Kaplan turbine with blade and guide vane adjustment for varying power, measurement of speed and torque
Learning objectives/experiments
- determination of mechanical output
- determination of efficiency
- recording of characteristic curves
- investigation of the influence of the guide vane and blade position on the efficiency
Characteristics of a powerful Francis turbine with adjustable guide vanes
Learning objectives/experiments
- investigation of the conversion of hydraulic into mechanical energy
- determination of the mechanical power and hydraulic power of the turbine
- determination of efficiency
- recording of characteristic curves
- investigation of the influence of the guide vane position
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Four-bladed propeller type turbine with guide vane adjustment for varying power
Learning objectives/experiments
- determination of power output curves at different speeds
- hydraulic power output
- mechanical power output
- determination of the head
- determination of turbine efficiency
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Function of a turbomachine; configuration as pump or turbine with interchangeable rotor/impeller and stator/guide vane system
Learning objectives/experiments
- recording characteristic curves
- determining dimensionless characteristics
- velocity triangles and pressure curves
- investigation of energy conversion within the turbomachine
- how blade, vane shape affects power and efficiency
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A characteristic of fans is the pressure ratio, which indicates the ratio of the absolute final pressure to the absolute intake pressure. Fans are different from compressors because of their low pressure ratio of max. 2,5.
Operating behaviour and characteristic variables of a radial fan; two interchangeable rotors
Learning objectives/experiments
- operating behaviour and characteristic variables of a radial fan
- recording the fan characteristic (pressure difference as a function of the flow rate)
- effect of the rotor speed on the pressure
- effect of the rotor speed on the flow rate
- effect of different blade shapes on the fan characteristic and efficiency
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Operating behaviour and characteristic variables of an axial fan
Learning objectives/experiments
- operating behaviour and characteristic variables of an axial fan
- recording the fan characteristic (differential pressure as a function of the flow rate)
- effect of the rotor speed on the pressure
- effect of the rotor speed on the flow rate
- stall
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Two-stage compressor: recording of the compressor curve for both stages
Learning objectives/experiments
- operating behaviour and characteristic variables of a radial compressor
- recording of the compressor curve for both stages
- effect of the rotor speed on the pressure
- effect of the rotor speed on the flow rate
- distribution of stage pressure ratios
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Determination of flow rate via iris diaphragm or Venturi nozzle
Learning objectives/experiments
- setup and principle of a radial fan
- plotting fan and system characteristics
- flow rate measurement methods based on the differential pressure method using:
- iris diaphragm
- Venturi nozzle
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Determining the characteristics of a two stage axial fan
Learning objectives/experiments
- determining the fan characteristic
- series configuration or individual operation of axial fans
- determining the energy balance
- determining the radial pressure and velocity distribution on rotor and guide vane system by means of a probe
Planning and setup of simple and complex air duct systems
Learning objectives/experiments
- plan, setup and test air duct systems
- typical components of ventilation technology
- measure the flow rate and velocity of the air
- measure dynamic and static pressures
- determination of the pressure loss via different components: pipe bends, angles, distributors etc.
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In centrifugal pumps the energy is transferred hydrodynamically.In the hydrodynamic transfer of energy the fluid is accelerated by the impeller of the centrifugal pump. Therefore, the impeller of the centrifugal pump has to move with high velocity and thus a high rotational speed.
Determining the characteristics of a typical centrifugal pump
Learning objectives/experiments
- familiarisation with operating behaviour and characteristics of a centrifugal pump through experiments
- recording the pump characteristic curve at a constant pump speed
- measuring the inlet and outlet pressure
- determining the flow rate
- recording the pump characteristics for different speeds
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Characteristic curves and hydraulic power; comparison of operating modes
Learning objectives/experiments
- investigation of pumps in series and parallel configuration
- determining the head
- recording the pump characteristics
- determining the hydraulic power
- determining the operating point
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Determination of output and efficiency of turbines and pumps; demonstration of a pumped storage plant
Learning objectives/experiments
- centrifugal pump
- measuring inlet and outlet pressures of the pump
- determining delivery height
- determining hydraulic output
- determining mechanical output
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Determination of characteristic pump variables
Learning objectives/experiments
- principle of operation of a centrifugal pump
- recording of pump characteristics
- effect of speed on head
- effect of speed on flow rate
- determination of pump efficiency
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Demonstration of series, parallel and the individual operation of centrifugal pumps
Learning objectives/experiments
- operating behaviour of centrifugal pumps
- single pump
- series configuration
- parallel configuration
- recording of pump curves
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Measurement of pressure conditions in valves and fittings and a pump
Learning objectives/experiments
- recording the pump characteristic
- pressure losses at various valves and fittings depending on the flow
- determination of the operating point in a hydrostatic circuit
Pressure, flow rate, speed, torque and pump power available as measurement values
Learning objectives/experiments
- recording of pump characteristics
- recording of system characteristics
- determination of the flow rate by means of an electromagnetic flow rate sensor or an orifice plate flow meter and a differential pressure measurement
- calculation of efficiencies
Investigation of the behaviour of two identical centrifugal pumps in operation, system control via PLC
Learning objectives/experiments
- investigate behaviour of centrifugal pumps in operation
- recording pump characteristics
- recording system characteristics
- determining efficiency
- investigation of series and parallel configuration of pumps
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Investigate operating behaviour of centrifugal pumps, piston pump and side channel pump, system control via PLC
Learning objectives/experiments
- investigation and comparison of the operating behaviour of various pump types:
- centrifugal pumps
- piston pump (positive displacement pump)
- side-channel pump
- recording a pump characteristic curve
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Installation and removal of pumps in plants; water supply for HL 960
Learning objectives/experiments
- installing a pump in a system
- connecting and aligning motor and pump
- familiarisation with various alignment methods:
- straight edge, dial gauges
- familiarisation with key system components
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Base unit when constructing a complex piping system
Learning objectives/experiments
- in conjunction with an accessory pump (standard chemicals pump HL 962.01, canned motor pump HL 962.02, side channel pump HL 962.03, standard chemicals pump with magnetic clutch HL 962.04) and a suitable water supply, e.g. HL 962.30 with HL 962.32
- mounting of the pump and alignment of the electric motor
- familiarisation with various methods of aligning the motor and pump
- commissioning and leak testing
- recording a pump characteristic
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Typical pump as used in process engineering
Learning objectives/experiments
- in conjunction with HL 962, HL 962.30 and HL 962.32
- operation of a standard pump
- recording the pump characteristic
- leak testing
- alignment of pump and drive motor
Hermetic centrifugal pump, particularly suitable for pumping liquid gases
Learning objectives/experiments
- in conjunction with HL 962, HL 962.30 and HL 962.32
- operation of a canned motor pump
- recording the pump characteristic
- leak testing
Hermetic centrifugal pump according to ISO 5199
Learning objectives/experiments
- in conjunction with HL 962, HL 962.30 and HL 962.32
- operation of a standard chemicals pump with magnetic clutch
- recording the pump characteristic
- leak testing
- alignment of pump and drive
Interchangeable driven machines: three pump types and a compressor
Learning objectives/experiments
- different pumps and a compressor
- identifying characteristic data
- recording pump, compressor and system characteristics
- representation of operating points in series and parallel configuration of centrifugal pumps
- comparison of the different delivery properties
Standard pumps are pumps that are designed in accordance with international standards
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.10
- recording of pump characteristics
- determination of the power requirement and the hydraulic power
- determination of the pump efficiency
- determination of the system characteristics and the operating point of the pump
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Self-priming pumps are able to suck in and transport air and water
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.10
- recording of pump characteristics
- determination of the power requirement and the hydraulic power
- determination of the pump efficiency
- determination of the system characteristics and the operating point of the pump
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In centrifugal pumps with multiple stages several impellers are arranged in series
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.10
- recording of pump characteristics
- determination of the power requirement and the hydraulic power
- determination of the pump efficiency
- determination of the system characteristics and the operating point of the pump
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Investigation of the pump characteristic of series and parallel configurations of two centrifugal pumps
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365 and HM 365.10
- recording of pump characteristics
- determination of the power requirement and the hydraulic power in series or parallel connection
- determination of the pump efficiency
- determination of the system characteristics and the operating point for both cases
Function of a turbomachine; configuration as pump or turbine with interchangeable rotor/impeller and stator/guide vane system
Learning objectives/experiments
- recording characteristic curves
- determining dimensionless characteristics
- velocity triangles and pressure curves
- investigation of energy conversion within the turbomachine
- how blade, vane shape affects power and efficiency
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Design and function of a centrifugal pump; planning, assembly and disassembly
Learning objectives/experiments
- function and design of a centrifugal pump
- planning and presentation of the assembly process, supported by augmented reality
- assembly and disassembly, including for maintenance and repair purposes
- read and understand technical drawings in imperial measurements (PDF, DXF and STEP files)
- familiarisation with different file formats and their application, e.g. for 3D printing and CNC machining
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Understanding design and function of the pump; planning and executing assembly, disassembly and maintenance
Learning objectives/experiments
- design and function of a multistage pump and its components
- assembly and disassembly for maintenance and repair purposes
- replacing components (e.g. seals, bearings or impellers)
- troubleshooting, fault assessment
- planning and assessment of maintenance and repair operations
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Understanding design and function of the pump; planning and executing assembly, disassembly and maintenance
Learning objectives/experiments
- design and function of an in-line centrifugal pump and its components
- assembly and disassembly for maintenance and repair purposes
- replacing components (e.g. seals)
- troubleshooting, fault assessment
- planning and assessment of maintenance and repair operations
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Axial-flow pumps are also known as propeller pumps. Axial-flow pumps come with fixed blades and with variable blades. The flow passes through the impeller in axial direction. In axial-flow pumps, the pressure is not built up by the effect of centrifugal force but, like the aerodynamic principle, by the propeller blade.
Operating behaviour of an axial propeller pump
Learning objectives/experiments
- in combination with HM 365
- determination of the pressure/volume characteristics
- determination of the power requirement of the pump
- determination of the hydraulic power
- determination of the efficiency
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Function of a turbomachine; configuration as pump or turbine with interchangeable rotor/impeller and stator/guide vane system
Learning objectives/experiments
- recording characteristic curves
- determining dimensionless characteristics
- velocity triangles and pressure curves
- investigation of energy conversion within the turbomachine
- how blade, vane shape affects power and efficiency
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Engineering animations such as cutaway models are ideally suited to representing processes and functions. GUNT uses up-to-date original parts for its cutaway models. Movement and switching functions are maintained.
Cutaway model of an industrial component used in pipework installations
Learning objectives/experiments
- familiarization with the construction and functionality of all parts